The Election Of 1860, The North And Southern States Of...

For years prior to the Election of 1860, the Northern and Southern states of America were growing apart. Problems decades earlier such as the South’s lack of railroads were coupled with more recent arguments concerning the future of slavery in America and whether it should be allowed in new territories. Following closely on the heels of many of these divisive problems was the Election of 1860, in which Abraham Lincoln won without carrying a single Southern state. Although it was not his intention, Lincoln’s victory in the Election of 1860 proved to be the final straw for the South, and quickly caused the secession of seven Southern states, ultimately leading to the deadliest war in American history, and the end of slavery in the United States. In the years leading up to the Election of 1860, tensions between the North and the South had been growing steadily. The main reason for this tension was the issue of slavery, and whether or not it would be allowed in new territo ries. Just two of the many controversies surrounding slavery at this time were the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Compromise of 1850 saw California admitted as a free state, and a more strict fugitive slave law introduced. The admission of California as a free state tipped the balance between free and slave states in the Senate, angering many Southerners. The new fugitive slave law angered people in the North because it put all blacks in jeopardy of becoming enslaved regardless ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The 1860 Presidential Election1442 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the influence of the 1860 presidential election as a cause of the American Civil War The 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln greatly contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln, born in Kentucky on February 12, 1809, served as the sixteenth president of the United States. He was the very first Republican to serve as president, eventually leading the Union to victory during the civil war. Lincoln opposed the idea of the expansion of slavery but acknowledged thatRead MoreThe Decade Of Crisis During The 1800s996 Words   |  4 PagesDecade of Crisis The period of time including the 1850s-1860s was considered the decade of crisis. This time period consisted of many abolitionist movements, rebellions, and an election in 1860. It also included secessions of states, and eventually triggered the civil war. There were two highly influential people involved in this decade; John Brown and Abraham Lincoln. They positively affected the United States of America. By 1857, Brown returned to the East and began raising money to carry outRead MoreEssay Souths Seccesion and Start of Civil War698 Words   |  3 Pagesthe 1860’s, the people in this country were slowly being divided. From 1850 to 1861, it was apparent that the union was separating into the North and the South and battle was soon to follow. With this division, peace could not continue amongst the country, for the country was filled with problems that affected the common Americans. With the events that led up to the war, the South felt like they had every reason to secede from the United States of America. The divided economies of the North and SouthRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1324 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as the Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, and the Election of Abraham Lincoln resulted in the four yearlong battles between the Northern and Southern states due to social and economic differences on the idea of slavery. In the 19th century, America described their westward expansion as the Manifest Destiny. The topic of slavery was still at a dispute in America. The Southern States, whose economies were heavily dependent on agriculture, needed slave labor for theRead MoreThe War Between The United States944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes to the War Between the States The Road of the United States in becoming a truly united nation has not been a path without turmoil. Many lives were laid down to form the structure of this country and fought for its right to freedom. One of the bloodiest conflicts in the United States’ history was the war between states or more commonly referred as the Civil War. This war leads to much unnecessary violence ridden battles that were precluded by many cases. The Civil War had many profoundRead MoreThe Road Of The United States937 Words   |  4 PagesRoad of the United States in becoming a truly united nation has not been a path without turmoil. Many lives were laid down to form the structure of this country and fought for its right to freedom. One of the bloodiest conflicts in the United States’ history was the war between states or more commonly referred as the Civil War. This war leads to much unnecessary violence ridden battles that were preluded by many causes. The Civil War had many profound effec ts on how the United States ran as a countryRead MoreThe Secession Crisis Of 1860-18611637 Words   |  7 Pagesmany events had impacts on the United States that lead up to the secession crisis of 1860-1861. Slavery had great impacts on the country, such as the economic effect of the South overestimating its importance due to the prevalence of slave grown cotton. Westward expansion had the social effect of the citizens of territories wanting statehood to get into arguments and civil wars due to popular sovereignty. States rights had the political effect of the southern states believing that since they agreed toRead MoreThe American Civil War Was An Internal Conflict Fought1527 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America. The Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U.S. history. Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U.S.Read MoreThe American Civil War981 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was one of the major events in history that helped develop America to what it is today. Many people think that the American Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery alone, but in reality it was caused by many disagreements and events between the northern free states and southern slave states that occurred prior to the war. Monetary alterations were one of the main reasons the North and South had many conflicts and differences in beliefs. The Civil War was an inevitableRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War1064 Words   |  5 Pagessucceeded from the United States of America. However, Abraham Lincoln’s initial goal was to keep the Union as a whole, as he continu ously worked on achieving this goal. There are many accountable reasons for the Civil War, but the disagreement on slave vs. free states and the election of 1860 were the two main causes to the succeeding of the south. Slavery had always been a big issue in the 19th century. The south believed that slavery was essential for the development of the southern economy. As seen in

You will select a company from this list, Example

Essays on You will select a company from this list, http://fortune.com/fortune500/ and you will analyze the companys financial performance, highlighting accounting principles and methods learned in this course. This project requires you to present, review, and anal Essay Financial Analysis – Tesco PLC Financial Analysis – Tesco PLC The company selected for financial review in this report is Tesco PLC, which is ranked at 63rd position in Fortune 500 companies list. The company is one of the leading global retail companies, which has its head office in the UK and operates retail stores in UK, China, and Europe. The current report discusses basis for preparation of financial statements and the company’s financial performance using financial ratio analysis and trend analysis is evaluated. It also indicates the use of financial information by different stakeholders. To support the discussion, a review of internal controls of Tesco is included. The company records and reports its financial statements â€Å"in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), IFRS Interpretation Committee (IFRIC) and the Companies Act (2006)† (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014, p.72). The company prepares financial statements on a consolidated basis including financials of the parent company and its subsidiaries and joint ventures and associates. It allows stakeholders to have a complete view of the company’s performance in all segments of market and business functions. The company uses historical cost method for determining values of its assets and liabilities. The company records its assets, liabilities, and equity on an accrual basis. The company to record certain assets and liabilities at their fair values uses IAS 13 â€Å"Fair value measurement†. The company record inventory of goods and properties held for sale at the lowest of their cost or fair value (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014, p.76). It also records sale of goods upon transfer of risk and reward of ownership to the buyer and realizes revenues generated from such transactions. There are various reporting standards such as IFRS 10, IFRS 11, IFRS 12, etc. that the company did not use that could affect its current reported financial statements (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014, p.79). The company’s accounting policies are helps users of financial information including creditors, lenders, tax and regulatory authorizes, and shareholders to understand basis of financial statements. It increases the comparability and transparency of financial information of different companies operating in the same or different industries. The segmental reporting included in notes to the group financial statements indicated that UK is the largest market of the company. However, the company generates highest trading margin from its operations in Asia. In addition to the company’s retail business it also operates a bank i.e. Tesco Bank (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014, p.80). Such information helps users to identify weaknesses of the business in different markets and explore its strategies to limit its losses. In case of Tesco, its poor performance in North America market was subjected to heavy criticism by shareholders. The company has a formal and well-defined Code of Conduct and internal policies that are aimed at protecting employees and customers of the company. The company’s governance committees ensure that the company’s operations and management comply with the Code of UK Corporate Governance (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014, p.19). The company has executive and non-directors on its board of directors. The company provides fees, bonuses, and share options to directors. The details of remuneration are provided in the company’s annual report. The board of directors is responsible for implementing and ensuring compliance with risk management and internal control policies and procedures. The company has a comprehensive system for estimating risks and their impact on the continuity of the business. The company’s internal control framework assigns responsibilities to individuals and business functions to deal with different forms of risks. The Audit Committee performs reg ular reviews of the company’s risk management and internal controls in order to keep these abreast to address any new issues and risks that the company may face. The company’s external auditors (PricewarehouseCoopers) review information related to the internal control and compliance with the code of to affirm going concern of the business. The disclosure pertaining to corporate governance, risk management and internal controls is useful for shareholders who have limited access to the company’s internal documents and therefore, audited information is highly valuable in order to assess the business ability to serve monetary interests of the company’s shareholders. The company’s financial performance during the last two reported years is analyzed by financial ratio and trends analyses. The company’s liquidity position measured by current ratio and quick ratio indicates weak position of the business. The values of ratios remained below one in both years. However, these are in line with the trends of the retail industry as businesses tend to hold large inventories held for sale in their stores to avoid disruptions in their supply chain. The company’s remained efficient in terms of collection of its receivables in a short period of 14 and 12 days in 2013 and 2014. However, the slow movement of inventory could be of concern for the management as it held up a large proportion of the company’s cash. The company’s asset turnover indicated that the company only generated  £1.26 and  £1.27 per  £1 invested in the company’s assets. It indicated that the company had high value of assets generating low value of sales. The management report supported this finding as the company future strategic plans are aimed at closing down large stores yielding low returns and are focused on improving the company’s online store and smaller stores network (Tesco Annual Report 2014, 2014). The company’s capital structure indicated that the company had a high level of external borrowing. Total debt ratio values were 2.01 and 2.41 in 2013 and 2014. Majority of the company’s borrowing was in the form of long-term debentures issued by the company. It was indicated by long-term debt to equity ratio values of 0.60 and 0.63 in 2013 and 2014. Although the company generated sufficient operating profits to meet its interest obligations, the shareholders may be concerned about high level of gearing. It is because the company would have to make payments of principal and interest charge before earnings could be distributed to shareholders. The company’s profitability remained very low in both 2013 and 2014. The lack of focus in the UK market by the company in the recent years had put the company in a weak position in comparison to its competitors such as Sainsbury’s, Aldi etc. Lower profitability could affect investment by shareholders in the company. It could create problems for the company that is already faced with a slowdown in its growth and declining market share. The company only generated ROE of 0.14% and 6.59% and ROA of 0.05% and 1.94% in 2013 and 2014 respectively. The company’s EPS slightly improved from 19.06p in 2013 to 23.72p in 2014. The P/E ratio values were at the end of each year were 16.88 and 14.52 in 2013 and 2014 as the company’s stock price declined due to poor sentiments in the equity market related to the company’s results in the UK market and reduction in its market share. The trend analysis indicated major improvement in the company’s profits in 2014. The trend analysis and key financial ratio values can also assist management in order to identify weak areas of the business. In fact, managers can use real time information from different business functions to carry out the analysis on a regular basis and undertake measures to improve the strategic direction of the business. It would help in improving the business performance and achievement of corporate objectives. References Tesco Plc. (2014). Retrieved December 13, 2014, from https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=TSCO.Lb=21a=01c=2013e=22d=01f=2013g=d Maynard, J. (2013). Financial Accounting, Reporting, and Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tesco Annual Report 2014. (2014) London: Tesco Plc. Tesco Plc. (2014a). History. Retrieved December 13, 2014, from http://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=11 Liquidity Ratios 2013 2014 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities 0.70 0.77 Current Assets 13,096 15,572 Current Liabilities 18,703 20,206 Quick Ratio Current Assets-Inventory/Current Liabilities 0.50 0.59 Current Assets 13,096 15,572 Inventory 3,744 3,576 Current Liabilities 18,703 20,206 Efficiency Measures 2013 2014 Receivables Turnover Sales/Accounts Receivables 25.11 29.02 Sales 63,406 63,557 Accounts Receivables 2,525 2,190 Receivables Turnover Period 365/Receivables Turnover 14.54 12.58 Receivables Turnover 25.11 29.02 Inventory Turnover Cost of Sales/Inventory 15.83 16.65 Cost of Sales 59,252 59,547 Inventory 3,744 3,576 Inventory Turnover Period 365/Inventory Turnover 23.06 21.92 Inventory Turnover 15.83 16.65 Asset Turnover Sales/ Total Assets 1.26 1.27 Sales 63,406 63,557 Total Assets 50,164 50,129 Leverage Measures 2013 2014 Long Term Debt Ratio Long Term Debt/Total Assets 0.20 0.19 Long Term Debt 10,068 9,303 Total Assets 50,164 50,129 Long Term Debt to Equity Ratio Long Term Debt/ Total Equity 0.60 0.63 Long Term Debt 10,068 9,303 Total Equity 16,661 14,722 Total Debt Ratio Total Debt/Total Equity 2.01 2.41 Total Debt 33,468 35,442 Total Equity 16,661 14,722 Times Interest Earned Operating Profit/Interest Expense 4.61 4.66 Operating Profit 2,382 2,631 Interest Expense 517 564 Profitability Ratios 2013 2014 Operating Profit Margin Operating Profit/Sales 3.76% 4.14% Operating Profit 2,382 2,631 Sales 63,406 63,557 Net Profit Margin Net Profit / Sales 0.04% 1.53% Net Profit 24 970 Sales 63,406 63,557 Return on Assets Net Profit / Total Assets 0.05% 1.94% Net Profit 24 970 Total Assets 50,164 50,129 Return on Equity Net Profit / Total Equity 0.14% 6.59% Net Profit 24 970 Total Equity 16,661 14,722 Return on Capital Net Profit / Total Capital 0.03% 1.36% Net Profit 24 970 Total Capital 69,149 71,528 Market Ratios Diluted EPS    23.72 19.06                   P/EPS Price / EPS 14.53 16.88 Price per Share 344.55 321.79 EPS 23.72 19.06 Group income statement - Horizontal Year ended 22 February 2014 52 weeks 2014  £m Change  £m Change % 52 weeks 2013 (restated*)  £m Continuing operations             Revenue 63,557 151 0.24% 63,406 Cost of sales (59,547) 295 -0.50% (59,252) Gross profit 4,010 (144) -3.47% 4,154 Administrative expenses (1,657) 175 -11.81% (1,482) Profits/losses arising on property-related items 278 568 -195.86% (290) Operating profit 2,631 249 10.45% 2,382 Share of post-tax profits of joint ventures and associates 60 (12) -16.67% 72 Finance income 132 12 10.00% 120 Finance costs (564) (47) 9.09% (517) Profit before tax 2,259 202 9.82% 2,057 Taxation (347) 182 -34.40% (529) Profit for the year from continuing operations 1,912 384 25.13% 1,528 Discontinued operations             Loss for the year from discontinued operations (942) 562 -37.37% (1,504) Profit for the year 970 946 3941.67% 24                Attributable to:             Owners of the parent 974 946 3378.57% 28 Non-controlling interests (4) - 0.00% (4)    970 946 3941.67% 24 Group income statement – Vertical Year ended 22 February 2014 52 weeks 2014  £m Proportion 52 weeks 2013 (restated*)  £m Proportion Continuing operations             Revenue 63,557 100% 63,406 100.00% Cost of sales (59,547) -94% (59,252) -93.45% Gross profit 4,010 6% 4,154 6.55% Administrative expenses (1,657) -3% (1,482) -2.34% Profits/losses arising on property-related items 278 0% (290) -0.46% Operating profit 2,631 4% 2,382 3.76% Share of post-tax profits of joint ventures and associates 60 0% 72 0.11% Finance income 132 0% 120 0.19% Finance costs (564) -1% (517) -0.82% Profit before tax 2,259 4% 2,057 3.24% Taxation (347) -1% (529) -0.83% Profit for the year from continuing operations 1,912 3% 1,528 2.41% Discontinued operations    0%       Loss for the year from discontinued operations (942) -1% (1,504) -2.37% Profit for the year 970 2% 24 0.04%                Attributable to:             Owners of the parent 974 2% 28 0.04% Non-controlling interests (4) 0% (4) -0.01%    970 2% 24 0.04% Group balance sheet - Horizontal    22 February 2014  £m Change  £m Change % 23 February 2013  £m Non-current assets             Goodwill and other intangible assets 3,795 (567) -13.00% 4,362 Property, plant and equipment 24,490 (380) -1.53% 24,870 Investment property 227 (1,774) -88.66% 2,001 Investments in joint ventures and associates 286 (208) -42.11% 494 Other investments 1,015 197 24.08% 818 Loans and advances to customers 3,210 745 30.22% 2,465 Derivative financial instruments 1,496 (469) -23.87% 1,965 Deferred tax assets 73 15 25.86% 58    34,592 (2,441) -6.59% 37,033 Current assets             Inventories 3,576 (168) -4.49% 3,744 Trade and other receivables 2,190 (335) -13.27% 2,525 Loans and advances to customers 3,705 611 19.75% 3,094 Derivative financial instruments 80 22 37.93% 58 Current tax assets 12 2 20.00% 10 Short-term investments 1,016 494 94.64% 522 Cash and cash equivalents 2,506 (6) -0.24% 2,512    13,085 620 4.97% 12,465 Assets of the disposal group and non-current assets classified as held for sale 2,487 1,856 294.14% 631    15,572 2,476 18.91% 13,096 Total Assets 50,164       50,129 Current liabilities             Trade and other payables (10,595) 499 -4.50% (11,094) Financial liabilities:    - #DIV/0!    Borrowings (1,910) (1,144) 149.35% (766) Derivative financial instruments and other liabilities (99) 22 -18.18% (121) Customer deposits and deposits from banks (6,858) (843) 14.01% (6,015) Current tax liabilities (494) 25 -4.82% (519) Provisions (250) (62) 32.98% (188)    (20,206) (1,503) 8.04% (18,703) Liabilities of the disposal group classified as held for sale (1,193) (911) 323.05% (282) Net current liabilities (5,827) 62 -1.05% (5,889) Non-current liabilities             Financial liabilities:             Borrowings (9,303) 765 -7.60% (10,068) Derivative financial instruments and other liabilities (770) (11) 1.45% (759) Post-employment benefit obligations (3,193) (815) 34.27% (2,378) Deferred tax liabilities (594) 412 -40.95% (1,006) Provisions (183) 89 -32.72% (272)    (14,043) 440 -3.04% (14,483) Net assets 14,722 (1,939) -11.64% 16,661 Equity             Share capital 405 2 0.50% 403 Share premium 5,080 60 1.20% 5,020 All other reserves (498) (1,183) -172.70% 685 Retained earnings 9,728 (807) -7.66% 10,535 Equity attributable to owners of the parent 14,715 (1,928) -11.58% 16,643 Non-controlling interests 7 (11) -61.11% 18 Total equity 14,722 (1,939) -11.64% 16,661 Total Liabilities and Equity 50,164       50,129 Group balance sheet - Vertical    22 February 2014  £m Proportion % 23 February 2013  £m Proportion % Non-current assets             Goodwill and other intangible assets 3,795 7.57% 4,362 8.70% Property, plant and equipment 24,490 48.82% 24,870 49.61% Investment property 227 0.45% 2,001 3.99% Investments in joint ventures and associates 286 0.57% 494 0.99% Other investments 1,015 2.02% 818 1.63% Loans and advances to customers 3,210 6.40% 2,465 4.92% Derivative financial instruments 1,496 2.98% 1,965 3.92% Deferred tax assets 73 0.15% 58 0.12%    34,592 68.96% 37,033 73.88% Current assets    0.00%    0.00% Inventories 3,576 7.13% 3,744 7.47% Trade and other receivables 2,190 4.37% 2,525 5.04% Loans and advances to customers 3,705 7.39% 3,094 6.17% Derivative financial instruments 80 0.16% 58 0.12% Current tax assets 12 0.02% 10 0.02% Short-term investments 1,016 2.03% 522 1.04% Cash and cash equivalents 2,506 5.00% 2,512 5.01%    13,085 26.08% 12,465 24.87% Assets of the disposal group and non-current assets classified as held for sale 2,487 4.96% 631 1.26%    15,572 31.04% 13,096 26.12% Total Assets 50,164 100.00% 50,129 100.00% Current liabilities             Trade and other payables (10,595) 21.12% (11,094) 22.13% Financial liabilities:             Borrowings (1,910) 3.81% (766) 1.53% Derivative financial instruments and other liabilities (99) 0.20% (121) 0.24% Customer deposits and deposits from banks (6,858) 13.67% (6,015) 12.00% Current tax liabilities (494) 0.98% (519) 1.04% Provisions (250) 0.50% (188) 0.38%    (20,206) 40.28% (18,703) 37.31% Liabilities of the disposal group classified as held for sale (1,193) 2.38% (282) 0.56% Net current liabilities (5,827) 11.62% (5,889) 11.75% Non-current liabilities             Financial liabilities:             Borrowings (9,303) 18.55% (10,068) 20.08% Derivative financial instruments and other liabilities (770) 1.53% (759) 1.51% Post-employment benefit obligations (3,193) 6.37% (2,378) 4.74% Deferred tax liabilities (594) 1.18% (1,006) 2.01% Provisions (183) 0.36% (272) 0.54%    (14,043) 27.99% (14,483) 28.89% Net assets 14,722 29.35% 16,661 -33.24% Equity             Share capital 405 0.81% 403 -0.80% Share premium 5,080 10.13% 5,020 -10.01% All other reserves (498) -0.99% 685 -1.37% Retained earnings 9,728 19.39% 10,535 -21.02% Equity attributable to owners of the parent 14,715 29.33% 16,643 -33.20% Non-controlling interests 7 0.01% 18 -0.04% Total equity 14,722 29.35% 16,661 -33.24% Total Liabilities and Equity 50,164 100.00% 50,129 -100.00%

Causal Argument Why Do People Change The Way They Looks Essay Example For Students

Causal Argument: Why Do People Change The Way They Look?s Essay Causal Argument: Why Do People Change The Way They Look? Oscar Wilde once wrote: â€Å"It is only shallow people who judge by appearance. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible† (qtd in Davis 1). Obviously, humans have all been created differently. That is why we all do not look alike. But now, the idea of having the ideal shape and look is one of the issues everyone has to deal with. Some want to get thinner, while a few do not care about it. Others even change the color of their skin. The desire to be like someone else is getting bigger and bigger for so many reasons that cannot be completely explained. This is due to the fact that people are different and think differently about their own image. But most of the time, they are filled with a desire that Delia, a senior in college expresses well enough in Am I Thin Enough Yet?:â€Å" I always wanted to be the thinnest, the prettiest. ‘Cause I thought, if I look like this, then I am going to have so many boyfriends, and guys are going to be so in love with me, and I will be taken care of for the rest of my life† (qtd in Sharlene 7). According to Richard Rodriguez, there are complexions because the persons, who care for us like a family, are usually the ones who explain us that we have something to be ashamed of (441). On the other side, Bell Hooks thinks that all these complexions take their origin in the historical supremacy of the white race toward the black in particular (446). These are only a few examples of the probable reasons why people decide to change their look. But I personally think that people change the way they look in order to be attractive and appreciated. They believe that this issue can help in their search for happiness. People chan. .and accept. There is a special inner beauty in each one: the strength to be content of who we are. Everything would be so simple if we just understand that we have been created differently. Thus, trying to look like someone else will be refusing to be who we really are. In this case, what will be our reason for being a member of the Human race? Works cited Hesse-Biber, Sharlene. Am I Thin Enough Yet? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 Gordon, Richard A. Anorexia And Bulimia. Oxford: Richard A. Gordon, 1990 Davis, Fred. Fashion, Culture, And Identity. Chicago: University Of Chicago, 1992 Rodriguez, Richard. â€Å"Complexion†. Good Reasons. eds, Lester Faigley, Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman Publishers, 2001. 441-443. Hooks, Bell. â€Å"Straightening Our hair†. Good Reasons. eds, Lester Faigley, Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman Publishers, 2001. 446-452.

Cell Physiology Essay Example

Cell Physiology Essay Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion: Two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are size and concentration gradient. The molecular size vs the MWCO size of the membrane can either increase, decrease, or prevent diffusion. The greater the concentration gradient the greater the diffusion rate due to molecules moving from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? My prediction was correct. The molecular weight of urea is 60. 07 and is to great to pass through the 20MWCO membrane. †¢Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? My prediction was correct in this experiment. Knowing that glucose is a monosaccharide, it is of size to diffuse through a 200MWCO membrane. Albumin being a protein is dense with 607 amino acids and an average molecular weight of 135g/mole is not going to diffuse through the 200MWCO membrane. During the experiment the left solute glucose at 9. 00 passed through the 200MWCO membrane at a rate of 0. 0042. The albumin did not diffuse through the membrane. †¢Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea: In order from smallest to largest is sodium chloride, urea, glucose, and largest albumin. Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs: Facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion being that no energy is required for diffusion to take place. One way the two are different is that with facilitated diffusion a carrier protein is transporting molecules to diffuse. †¢The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corr esponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? The rate increased because more carriers were available to transport the glucose for diffusion. If the molecule concentration is to high with not enough carriers, the carriers will become saturated. My predication was correct. †¢Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl? might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? During the experiment I predicted Na+Cl- would decrease the rate of glucose transport. I thought this because i figured more molecules would decrease the rate like an idiot. After the experiment and seeing glucose transported just the same it dawned on me, carriers are specific to the molecule they are transporting and that facilitated diffusion occurs from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. The Na+Cl- had no affect on the glucose transport rate. Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure †¢Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl? concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the Na+Cl- increased the osmotic pressure in the left beaker. This happened because no net movement of water was possible. Water can pass through mostly any sized pore of a membrane back and forth. With osmosis water moves towards solutes. Increase in solutes will cause increase in volume and therefore the pressure in the more concentrated area increased. My prediction was right. †¢Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different: Osmosis is similar to diffusion in that it moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It differs in osmosis occurs through a selectively permable membrane. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles. † Water moves toward solutes and solutes are measured in milliosmoles. †¢The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with y our prediction? _The results of this activity was increased osmotic pressure above left beaker containing albumin with no net movement of water and the right beaker containing glucose had net movement of water and reached equilibrium. The pressure increased above the left beaker because the albumin was unable to diffuse causing more volume of water to the beaker with more solute therefore causing increased osmotic pressure. My prediction was correct. _ Activity 4: Simulating Filtration †¢Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the pore size of the membrane increased the filtration rate because the size of the membrane determines what will pass through. Filtration is a passive process and that contributes to it as well. If the fluid has solutes that will not pass through the membrane pore, it is going to take longer for the fluid to pass through the membrane and around the solutes so to say. My example would be draining pasta. The smaller the holes in the strainer the longer it is going to take for the fluid to make its way around the pasta, through the holes, and out the strainer. If the holes in the strainer are larger the fluid will pass through at a higher rate. My prediction was correct. †¢Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. The powdered charcoal was the solute that did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes. I believe it is due to its size and molecular weight. †¢Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the pressure increased the filtration rate and not the concentration of solutes because filtration occurs from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure. The greater the pressure the faster the filtration. It will not change the concentration of solutes because the MWCO determines that. I did not predict this one accuratley. Activity 5 : Simulating Active Transport †¢Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. Three sodium ions are ejected from the cell for every two potassium ions entering in the cell. †¢Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? There was no sodium transport because there were no potassium ions to replace there exiting of the cell. My prediction was correct. †¢Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Sodium and potassium movement is independant of other solutes. My prediction was correct. †¢Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. I think glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion because it does not require active transport and moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.